Block Diagram
ARDUINO
Arduino
is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and
user community that designs and manufactures kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.
Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction
Design Institute Ivrea
in Ivrea, Italy. At that time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at a cost of $100, considered expensive for
students. Massimo Banzi, one of the founders, taught at Ivrea. The name
"Arduino" comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of
the project used to meet.
This project uses Arduino MEGA 2560 development board.
The Arduino Mega
2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital
input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4
UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
SPECIFICATIONS AND PIN CONFIGURATION
The board can operate on an external
supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than
12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
Each of the 54 digital pins on
the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:
The Mega2560 has 16 analog
inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference()
function.
There are a couple of other pins
on the board:
Programming
The Arduino Mega can be
programmed with the Arduino software.
The ATmega2560
on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you
to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol.
The Arduino integrated development environment
(IDE) is a cross-platform application written in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming language
and the Wiring projects. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace
matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written
for Arduino is called a sketch.
Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino
IDE comes with a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring
project, which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Users
only need define two functions to make a runnable cyclic
executive program:
SENSORS :
SOIL
MOISTURE SENSOR :
Soil
moisture sensors measure the water content in soil.
A soil moisture probe is made up of multiple soil moisture sensors. Since
analytical measurement of free soil moisture requires removing a sample and
drying it to extract moisture, soil moisture sensors measure some other
property, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction
with neutrons, as a proxy for moisture content. The relation between the
measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary depending
on soil type.
Specifications
TEMPERATURE
AND HUMIDITY SENSOR :
The
DHT11 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It
uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding
air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin. Its fairly simple to use,
but requires careful timing to grab data. The only real downside of this sensor
is you can only get new data from it once every 2 seconds, so when using
library, sensor readings can be up to 2 seconds old.
SPECIFICATIONS
The
IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Usually it is used for
collision detection or obstacle detection. The module consist of an IR emitter
and IR receiver pair. The high precision IR receiver always detects IR signal.
The module consists of 358 comparator IC. The output of sensor is high whenever
the IR receiver receives a signal of IR frequency and low otherwise. The
on-board LED indicator helps user to check status of the sensor without using
any additional hardware. The power consumption of this module is low. It gives
a digital output.
Features
GAS SENSOR :
MQ
2 Gas sensor
The Grove - Gas
Sensor(MQ2) module is useful for gas leakage detecting. It can detect LPG,
i-butane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke and so on.
MQ
6 Gas Sensor
Sensitive
material of MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean
air. When the target flammable gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity gets higher
along with the gas concentration rising. MQ-6 gas sensor can detect kinds of
flammable gases, especially has high sensitivity to LPG (propane). It is a kind
of low-cost sensor for many applications.
WINDMILL :
A
wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into
electrical power. The speed of wind on planets like Mars and Jovian gas giant
planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) is high enough to produce energy
needed by the rover.
The
speed of wind on Mars ranges from 10 mps to 30 mps or 20 miles/h to 60 miles/h.
Currently, the windmill employed on Earth produces 70% of energy at 12 mph and
the power produced by a windmill is 250 W to 1.8 MW. On Jovian planets like
Neptune the speed of wind is 1,100 kph to 2,100 kph. The rover needs 140 W of
energy to operate. So, windmill employed on rover can complete its power
requirements.
To
prevent damage, the windmill stops functioning when the speed of the wind
exceeds 25 mph. Rover can be installed with small windmill which can generate
energy. As, the speed of the wind is more than 25 mph, so, the wings of the
windmill must be strong enough to tolerate the pressure of the high speed wind.
So, small changes made in the windmill can be helpful in installing it on
rovers and can act as a good alternate source of energy for rovers.
RESULT
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This project
deals with the analysis of results of various sensors. Results of sensors like
Temperature, air, Soil moisture etc. are studied and examined. With the means
of graph the change in values of these
sensors can be studied very accurately. This project helps to deal with the
understanding of those places where it is difficult to analyse the physical and
environmental conditions.
Use of Arduino to program sensors and the
display of graphs have helped a lot in better understanding of project. Until
now the design of this rover is not completely perfect, to make the rover more
useful a lot of changes needed to be done in future so that it can display a wide
variety of data and may help to understand the physical and environmental conditions more clearly and accurately.
CONCLUSION :
This model is designed keeping in view the shortcomings of the models
sent in space. The changes are needed to be made in power supply, balancing and
employment of sensors to search for extraterrestrial life form.
A robotic
spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, usually under telerobotic
control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements
is often called a space probe. Many space missions are more suited to
telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk
factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity
of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer
planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with
current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way
to explore them.
The increasing
use of automation in future space systems is a fundamental component of future
space exploration which will resemble remotely distributed, net-worked
operations. As such, the design of both manned and unmanned future space
systems has significant HSC (Human Supervisory Control) implications. However,
only a handful of projects have recognized the importance of HSC for future
space systems. In addition to those described previously, Cummings described a
preliminary design for the systems status display of a future lunar landing
vehicle which would have considerably reduced reliance on Mission Control
without compromising the probability of mission success by layering and
grouping information in categories that could be easily and intuitively browsed
on reconfigurable screens. Similar upgrades were planned for the Space Shuttle
cockpit as part of the aforementioned Cockpit Avionics Upgrade. Unfortunately,
these projects were cancelled before they could be implemented in operational
spacecraft. Although technology has progressed rapidly during the last 50 years
of the Space Age, the issues surrounding collaboration between humans and
automation are as relevant today as during the Apollo era, yet space human
supervisory control research has not kept pace with technological advancements.
Significant investment is therefore required not only to develop methodologies
for optimizing human–automation system integration, in order to maximize
mission safety and success at reasonable cost, but also to ensure that the
resulting human centred design
recommendations and requirements are implemented in operational spacecraft,
both manned and unmanned. A strong HSC research and development program will
thus be crucial to achieving the Vision for Space Exploration, especially given
the limited resources under which it must be accomplished.
This project is
designed in a very economical way and unnecessary costing is avoided so that
more attention can be paid to other areas for the improvement of rovers.
FUTURE
SCOPE OF PROJECT
Space Probe are
sent to hostile places where humans cannot reach or survive so the future scope of this project includes the
addition of such sensors which can make it capable to detect hazards, sense the
environment and makes use of AI protocols.
This model is
capable of detecting Temperature and Humidity, Soil Moisture, Gases in
atmosphere. So, it can be used in fields to detect moisture in the soil. It can
be used in cities to detect amount of Carbon present and Smoke hence, it can
detect pollution in the atmosphere. The use of IR sensor enables us to sense
the obstacles present and their distance from such obstacles. Temperature and
Humidity sensor can sense the Temperature and humidity of a place.
Although this
probe has many advantages but future improvements includes the addition of
Camera, More sensors, Radio communication, etc.
More efficient
power supply can be used like radioactive hydrogen cell or chemical fuel cell.
Rover can be
designed in such a way so that it can be capable to bring back samples from
such unfavourable places where humans cannot reach till now.
|
SPACE PROBE
Sunday 28 June 2015
My Probe
ARCHITECTURE OF SPACE PROBES
·
The
Rover’s "body": The rover body is called the warm
electronics box, or "WEB" for short. Like a car body, the rover body
is a strong, outer layer that protects the rover´s computer, electronics, and
batteries (which are basically the equivalent of the rover´s brains and heart).
The rover body thus keeps the rover´s vital organs protected and
temperature-controlled.
· The
Rover’s "brains": The rover computer (its
"brains") is inside a module called "The Rover Electronics
Module" (REM) inside the rover body. The communication interface that
enables the main computer to exchange data with the rover´s instruments and
sensors is called a "bus" (a VME or Versa Module Europa bus to be
exact). This VME bus is an industry standard interface bus to communicate with
and control all of the rover motors, science instruments, and communication
functions. It contains special memory to tolerate the extreme radiation
environment from space and to safeguard against power-off cycles so the
programs and data will remain and will not accidentally erase when the rover
shuts down at night. On-board memory includes 128 MB of DRAM with error
detection and correction and 3 MB of EEPROM. That´s roughly the equivalent memory
of a standard home computer. Activities such as taking pictures, driving, and
operating the instruments are performed under commands transmitted in a command
sequence to the rover from the flight team. The rover generates constant
engineering, housekeeping and analysis telemetry and periodic event reports
that are stored for eventual transmission once the flight team requests the
information from the rover.
· The
Rover’s temperature controls: Rover cannot function
well under excessively hot or cold temperatures. In order to survive during all
of the various mission phases, the rover´s "vital organs" must not
exceed extreme temperatures of -40º Celsius to +40º Celsius. There are several
methods engineers used to keep the rover at the right temperature:
ü Preventing
heat escape through gold paint
ü Preventing
heat escape through insulation called "aerogel"
ü Keeping
the rover warm through heaters
ü Making
sure the rover is not too hot or cold through thermostats and heat switches
ü Making
sure the rover doesn't get too hot through the heat rejection system
· The
Rover’s "neck and head": What looks like the
rover "neck and head" is called the Pancam Mast Assembly. It stands
from the base of the rover wheel 1.4 meters tall (about 5 feet). This height
gives the cameras a special "human geologist´s" perspective and wide
field of view.
The
pancam mast assembly serves two purposes:
ü to
act as a periscope for the Mini-TES science instrument that is housed inside
the rover body for thermal reasons
ü to
provide height and a better point of view for the Pancams and the Navcams .
Essentially, the pancam mast assembly enables the rover to see in the distance.
The higher one stands, the more one can see.
·
The
Rover's "eyes" and other "senses": Each
rover has nine "eyes."
Six
engineering cameras aid in rover navigation and three cameras perform science
investigations.
Four Engineering Hazcams (Hazard
Avoidance Cameras):
Mounted
on the lower portion of the front and rear of the rover, these black-and-white
cameras use visible light to capture three-dimensional (3-D) imagery. This
imagery safeguards against the rover getting lost or inadvertently crashing
into unexpected obstacles, and works in tandem with software that allows the
rover make its own safety choices and to "think on its own."
Two Engineering Navcams (Navigation
Cameras):
Mounted
on the mast (the rover "neck and head), these black-and-white cameras use
visible light to gather panoramic, three-dimensional (3D) imagery. The Navcam
is a stereo pair of cameras, each with a 45-degree field of view to support
ground navigation planning by scientists and engineers. They work in
cooperation with the Hazcams by providing a complementary view of the terrain.
Two Science Pancams (Panoramic Cameras):
The Pancam
is also part of the rover's navigation system. With the solar filter in place,
the Pancam can be pointed at the Sun and used as an absolute heading sensor.
Like a sophisticated compass, the direction of the Sun combined with the time
of day tells the flight team exactly which way the rover is facing.
One
Science Microscopic Imager:
This monochromatic science camera is mounted on
the robotic arm to take extreme close-up pictures of rocks and soil. Some of
its studies of the rocks and soil help engineers understand the properties of
the smaller rocks soil that can impact rover mobility.
· The Rover’s "arm": The rover arm (also called the instrument
deployment device or IDD) holds and maneuvers the instruments that help
scientists get up-close and personal with planets rocks and soil.
Much like a human arm, the robotic arm has
flexibility through three joints: the rover's shoulder, elbow, and wrist. The
arm enables a tool belt of scientists´ instruments to extend, bend, and angle
precisely against a rock to work as a human geologist would: grinding away
layers, taking microscopic images, and analyzing the elemental composition of
the rocks and soil.
· The Rover’s wheels "legs": Rover has six wheels, each with its own
individual motor. The two front and two rear wheels also have individual steering
motors (1 each). This steering capability allows the vehicle to turn in place,
a full 360 degrees. The 4-wheel steering also allows the rover to swerve and
curve, making arching turns. The rover has a top speed on flat hard ground of 5
centimeters (2 inches) per second. However, in order to ensure a safe drive,
the rover is equipped with hazard avoidance software that causes the rover to
stop and reassess its location every few seconds. So, over time, the vehicle
achieves an average speed of 1 centimeter per second. The rover is programmed
to drive for roughly 10 seconds, then stop to observe and understand the
terrain it has driven into for 20 seconds, before moving safely onward for
another 10 seconds.
·
The Rover’s energy: The main source of power for each rover comes
from a multi-panel solar array. When fully illuminated, the rover solar arrays
generate about 140 watts of power for up to four hours per sol. The rover needs
about 100 watts (equivalent to a standard light bulb in a home) to drive.
· The Rover’s antennas: The rover has both a low-gain and high-gain
antenna that serves as both its "voice" and its "ears".
They are located on the rover equipment deck (its "back").
The low-gain antenna sends and receives
information in every direction; that is, it is "Omni-directional."
The antenna transmits radio waves at a low rate to the Deep Space Network (DSN)
antennas on Earth. The high-gain antenna can send a "beam" of
information in a specific direction and it is steerable, so the antenna can
move to point itself directly to any antenna on Earth.
The radio waves
to and from the rover are sent through the orbiters using UHF antennas, which
are close-range antennas which are like walky-talkies compared to the long
range of the low-gain and high-gain antennas.
Landing Of Space Probe
Unlike
an artificial satellite, which is placed in more or
less permanent orbit around the earth, a space probe is launched with
enough energy to escape the gravitational field of the earth and navigate among
the planets. Radio-transmitted commands and on-board computers provide the
means for midcourse corrections in the space probe’s trajectory; some advanced
craft have executed complex maneuvers on command from earth when many millions
of miles away in space. Radio contact between the control station on earth and
the space probe also provides a channel for transmitting
data recorded by on-board instruments back to earth. Instruments
carried by space probes include radiometers, magnetometers, and television
cameras sensitive to infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light; there also may
be special detectors for micrometeors, cosmic rays, gamma rays, and solar wind.
A probe may be directed to orbit a planet, to soft-land instrument packages on
a planetary surface, or to fly by as close as a few thousand miles from one or
more planets. The particulars of trajectory and instrumentation of each space
probe are tailored around the mission’s scientific and technological
objectives; the data provided by a single space probe may require months or
even years of analysis. Much has been learned from probes about the origins,
composition, and structure of various bodies in the solar system.
Trajectory Of Space Probe From Earth
Landing Of Probe On Planet
Need of Space Probes
Probes are needed to
perform various functions :
- · A probe makes observations of temperature, radiation, and objects in space.
- · A probe is also used to perform experiments on its surroundings, such as releasing chemicals or digging into surface dirt.
- · The changes that occur in course and speed of the probe provide information about atmospheric density and gravity fields to the scientists.
- · By exposing material from the earth to the conditions of space, the space probe allows the scientists to observe the effects of space on that material.
Probes Classifications
CLASSIFICATION OF PROBES
Probes can be
classified on many grounds.
·
Depending on its area of operation,
probes are of three types :
Ø
A probe that operates in free space.
Ø
A probe that orbits around a planet.
Ø
A probe that lands on a planet.
·
Depending on its
method of operation, probes are of two types :
Ø
A probe that performs necessary operations on the
planet or in space and does not return.
Ø
A probe that brings back samples to earth.
·
Probes are also
classified according to their landing :
Ø Impact vehicles, those probes that do not slow down during descent or
landing.
Ø Hard landers, those probes that have special instruments, which cushion
the impact of their hard landing.
Ø Soft landers, those probes that touch down gently and thus do not
require cushions for the same.
Ø Penetrators, those probes that penetrate the surface of the planet.
TYPES OF SPACE PROBES
There are five
basic types of space probes which are sent to examine planets and other bodies
in the solar system:
1.
A fly-by
probe makes its observations as it passes a celestial body from a
distance. Fly-by missions enable a spacecraft to visit more than one object.
2.
An orbiter is
designed to park itself in a stable orbit around a particular planet or moon
for an extended period of time. An orbiter closely circling a body with a
substantial atmosphere is gradually slowed by atmospheric friction, which
causes it to lose altitude and eventually crash.
3.
An atmospheric
probe is a package of instruments that descends into the atmosphere of
a planet, taking readings on its way down. The probe continues to transmit data
until it reaches the surface or is destroyed by heat or atmospheric pressure.
4.
A lander is
designed to land safely on a planet or moon and analyze soil samples and
surface conditions.
5.
A rover is
a robot vehicle with wheels or treads that roams across the surface.
Carried to the surface by a lander, a rover has the advantage of not being
confined to one spot.
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